PBL Bladder cancer의 pathology

PBL Bladder cancer의 pathology

[PBL] Bladder cancer의 pathology.hwp

목차 1. Urothelial (Transitional Cell) Tumors 2. 참고문헌 본문 Neoplasms of the bladder pose biologic and clinical challenges. Despite significant inroads into their origins and i mproved methods of diagnosis and treatment, they continue to exact a high toll in morbidity and mortality. The incidence of bladder epithelial tumors in the United States has been steadily increasing during the past years and is now more than 57,000 new cases annually. Despite improvements in detection and management of these neoplasms, the death toll remains at about 12,000 annually because the increased prevalence offsets such gains as have been made. About 95% of bladder tumors are of epithelial origin, the remainder being mesenchymal tumors (Table 21-2). Most epithelial tumors are composed of urothelial (transitional) type cells and are thus interchangeably called urothelial or transitional tumors, but squamous and glandular carcinomas also occur. Here, we discuss the urothelial cell tumors in some detail and only touch on the others. 1. Urothelial (Transitional Cell) Tumors - These represent about 90% of all bladder tumors and run the gamut from small, benign lesions that might never recur to aggressive cancers associated with a high risk of death. Many of these tumors are multifocal at presentation. Although most commonly seen in the bladder, any of the lesions described below may be seen at any site where there is urothehum, from the renal pelv is to the distal urethra.There are two distinct precursor lesions to invasive urothelial carcinoma. The more common are noninvasive papillary tumors, which appear to arise from papillary urothelial hyperplasia. These lesions demonstrate a range of atypia, and several grading systems exist to reflect their biologic behavior. The other precursor lesion is flat urothelial carcinoma, which is simply referred to as carcinoma in situ (CIS). This lesion is by definition high grade and hence not assigned a grade. In about half the patients with invasive bladder cancer, at the time of presentation the tumor has already invaded the bladder wall, and there is no associated precursor lesion. In these cases, it is presumed that the precursor lesion has been destroyed by the high-grade invasive component, which typically 참고문헌 - Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, et al. Harrison s principles of internal medicine. 17th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2010. - Vinay Kumar, Abul Abbas, Nelson Fausto, Jon Aster. Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 8th ed. Elsevier; 2010. 키워드 참고문헌, 이준교, 문헌, 참고